All types of construction works are united by one concept: “construction and installation works”. This is a whole complex of works that are performed on construction sites during the erection of various types of buildings and structures. Upon completion of construction and installation works, a building or other technical object or structure is put into operation.
Construction organizations perform the following types of work: construction, installation, repair and many others, which are specified in the contract between the customer and the contractor. They must also refer to the construction type of work and fully comply with the regulations of construction activities.
Building works
List of works that have the status of “construction”:
- Erection, reconstruction, restoration, expansion of permanent and temporary buildings, which are associated with the installation of metal, reinforced concrete, wooden and other structures.
- Development and arrangement of crane tracks for installation of stationary tower and mobile cranes.
- Installation of internal and external water supply, sewerage, gasification, power and heat supply lines.
- Installation of installations for environmental pollution control.
- Installation of gas and oil pipelines, product pipelines, cable and overhead power lines and communication lines.
- Construction of embankments and bridges, road construction, diving, underwater technical and other types of specific works.
- Installation of plumbing equipment.
- Construction of foundations, supporting structures for equipment installation, lining and lining of furnaces, boilers and other units.
- Development, preparation and layout of the territory for the construction of the facility. This includes works related to land reclamation, demolition of buildings, cutting and grubbing, land drainage, vertical leveling.
- Improvement and landscaping of the development area, similar works in settlements and cities.
Construction works are general construction, special construction, transportation and loading and unloading. General construction works include the erection of buildings and structures. General construction works are divided based on the type of structures to be erected or the type of materials to be processed.
Earthworks
The list of earthworks includes:
- excavation of soil for an excavation, trench, pit, for strip foundations, basements, freestanding supports or underground utilities;
- soil transportation, including loading, transportation, unloading, construction site layout, stripping and backfilling, embankment construction and soil compaction.
Piling works
Pile work is the erection of pile foundations with the sinking or driving of piles.
Stonework
Stone works are connected with the erection of supports, walls, pillars, vaults from such building materials as bricks, concrete blocks, natural stone etc.
Concrete and reinforced concrete works
Reinforced concrete and simply concrete works are related to the erection of reinforced concrete and concrete structures.
These works include a sequence of the following actions: preparation of concrete mixture, transportation of the mixture to the construction site, placement of concrete mixture in ready-made formwork with a sealer, subsequent care of concrete, which consists in creating conditions for optimal curing of the mixture, carrying out monolithic works (sealing of joints between elements of prefabricated structures), construction of formwork and reinforcement of areas for the creation of monolithic structures.
Carpentry and joinery works
Carpentry and joinery works include delivery of prepared wood products to the site, installation of rafters, window and door structures, parquet or plank flooring.
Roofing works
Roofing works consist in finishing roofs of attic type with asbestos-cement or steel sheets, roofs without attic type – tol, roofing felt, ondulin, parchment and other types of roll materials.
Finishing works
Finishing works are related to plastering, tiling or wallpapering of walls and ceilings of buildings.
Special works
Special works include the laying of power and telephone wires, installation of plumbing equipment, the construction of fireproof masonry, anti-corrosion painting of individual elements.
Before you start construction work, you need to make preparations. It consists in the development of the site, engineering works on the territory allocated for the construction of the object, etc.
Site development
Development of the construction site begins with clearing the territory of trees and bushes growing on it, rooting, demolition of old buildings, fencing of the construction site.
Engineering preparation
Engineering preparation is connected with creation of optimal conditions for work at the construction site. For this purpose, roads, power and water supply lines, etc. are provided.
Temporary buildings and structures
The construction of temporary structures includes the erection of huts, areas for receiving mortar, storage areas for building materials where bricks, stone or cladding boards are stacked depending on the grade. There should always be a convenient passage between them, and the distance between the stacks should be at least 0.7 m.
To lift building materials to a height, different types of lifting vehicles are used, including auto and crawler cranes, tower cranes, and various hoists.
Installation works
Assembly work is a variety of work involved in installing, securing, and inspecting finished products made of concrete, wood, steel, and reinforced concrete.
Installation works include:
- assembly and installation of equipment from the category of technological, lifting and transportation, power, pumping and compressor equipment to the permanent place of operation,
- checking and testing it for the quality of installation;
- connection of resources to the equipment, including water, air, cooling liquids, steam, wiring of electrical and communication cables;
- installing metal structures, work platforms, ladders and other structures that are directly connected to the equipment;
insulation works, as well as painting of the installed equipment and pipelines.
Some types of costs that are provided for in the prices for installation of equipment, but are not listed above.
Works that are not included in the scope of complex works related to equipment installation:
- Costs of installation/dismantling of equipment during the commissioning period;
- assembly/disassembly of construction mechanisms and machines;
- preparation for pre-installation inspection, minor repairs and elimination of damage to equipment operation.
Other work
Other works include:
- carrying out design and survey works at the expense of capital investments, supervision by design bureaus, carrying out expert examination of design data;
- organization of works related to deep exploration drilling for resources such as gas, oil, thermal waters and their further exploitation;
- some types of works that do not belong to the construction sphere, but are included in the estimate.
Any type of installation work is performed with the help of ready-made elements, which are the components of the construction.
Construction works are always new construction or expansion or reconstruction, technical re-equipment or repair of operating structures, enterprises, production of complex and individual contract works.
New construction
New construction means the construction of main and auxiliary facilities from scratch. After commissioning of such facilities, a new site is assigned to them and they become on an independent balance sheet.
In some cases, construction is carried out in stages, New construction will be considered all stages from the first to all subsequent ones, until all projected capacities are put into operation. If for objective reasons an enterprise is liquidated due to its economic and technical inexpediency, and instead a more powerful or exactly the same new enterprise is built in its place, it will be considered as new construction.
Expansion of existing enterprises
Expansion of existing enterprises is reduced to the construction of additional production halls or expansion of existing facilities, which fall into the category of main or auxiliary purpose and are located within the territory of the existing enterprise.
Reconstruction
Reconstruction involves the rearrangement of an existing facility to improve production and reach a new technical and economic level.
It is carried out in accordance with a comprehensive project, the main task of which is to increase production capacity, change the range of products and improve their quality, improve working conditions of workers, whose number should remain the same, and fulfill the requirements related to environmental protection. During reconstruction the area of the structure does not change.
Methods of enterprise reconstruction:
- Through the expansion of individual structures that are part of a single enterprise complex.
- Through the construction of new or expansion of existing facilities to create an ideal proportion.
- Construction of a new object to replace the lost one at the same or a new location within the territory of the enterprise.
What the reconstruction should provide:
- Production growth due to more coordinated work of technological links;
- introduction of new technologies (low-waste or no-waste) and production facilities that can be
- quickly reorganized to produce other products;
- growth of labor productivity index;
- reduction in the number of workplaces;
- optimization of production in the sphere of material intensity and production costs;
- increase in the index of stock return and other indicators of technical and economic character of the given enterprise.
Technical re-equipment of enterprises
Technical re-equipment of enterprises is a whole complex of effective measures aimed at increasing the technological and economic potential of enterprises, production sites and workshops by replacing obsolete equipment with more productive ones, introducing the latest technology, automation of production, work on new technologies.
