The infrastructure of a modern city is quite complex and multifaceted. Many factors have to be taken into account. It is therefore ideal to entrust the construction of an apartment building to a reliable contractor.
Preparation for the start of construction work
This process is divided into certain stages.
Acquisition of a land plot
A place is chosen that is really suitable for the construction of a residential complex. It is necessary to take into account many selection criteria.
Point development in the central district of the city – an excellent project, since the deployed infrastructure is always close by, and this is very convenient. Nearby are located:
- shopping facilities;
- schools;
- kindergartens;
- recreation areas;
- sports complexes;
- various institutions.
All of them are located practically in walking distance. Therefore, land in the city center is expensive. In addition, it will take a lot of time and effort to obtain permission to carry out construction work in the center. In order to get a positive response to the request, it is necessary to take into account all the restrictions stipulated by the city planning plan.
The building must meet certain characteristics. Otherwise, there will be many problems during cadastral registration. The house will turn out to be fully built, but it will not be possible to put it into operation. And further it will be necessary to spend a lot of money on its demolition or redevelopment.
But the erection of an object outside the city allows:
- to buy land much cheaper;
- quickly draw up the initial authorization documents;
- without problems to prepare documentation for cadastral registration.
However, apartments in such a house will cost less, and it is usually more difficult to sell them.
Conducting geological expertise and topographic surveys
The developer has decided on the choice of site, and the land has been acquired. Now it will be necessary to make a topographic survey of the area to be built up and carry out the whole range of engineering and geological studies.
Before starting construction work, it is required to enter into the construction documents:
data on the relief features of the site;
point coordinates of the construction site;
location of city communication lines;
proximity of groundwater;
the presence of underground voids and plavunov (unstable soils saturated with water).
When drafting a project, all these points are necessarily taken into account. Features of the soil can be accurately identified when conducting ultrasonic scanning, after taking samples.
Solid, dense, stable soil is an excellent foundation for any building. It can withstand a significant load created by a high-rise building. Based on the results of laboratory tests of the foundation, it is possible to understand how the foundation of a high-rise building will behave after the entire object is erected.
If the land is suitable for the construction of the planned residential building, then the construction site can be developed.
Drafting of the project
When developing a project, all the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation are necessarily observed. Designing an apartment building involves several stages.
First stage. Terms of reference are agreed with the customer. Project development is carried out. The preliminary proposal gives an opportunity from the very beginning to form a general concept of the object and determine its parameters.
The second stage. The project documentation is developed. The master plan indicates the location of the object, the characteristics of the site involved and the communications.
It is necessary to take into account every detail when the designers determine with the architectural appearance, the peculiarities of the structural solution, the requirements of environmental safety, fire protection guarantees.
If all these requirements are properly taken into account, the future building becomes durable, functional and safe.
Erection of an apartment building: main stages of construction
Carrying out all the preparatory stages is completed. Now it is possible to begin the implementation of the main construction works – to erect an apartment building.
Preparation of the construction site
It is necessary to expand the territory. Old objects that are located here, go under demolition. The site is encircled with a fence. This is necessary to preserve materials, to leave construction equipment and machinery and so that unauthorized persons (especially children) do not penetrate into the danger zone.
Very often, especially in the city center, the construction is interfered with by engineering networks. This means that they need to be relocated (re-routed).
Access roads need to be built, temporary roads need to be laid.
Temporary auxiliary objects are erected:
huts;
toilets;
covered production sites;
warehouses;
administrative facilities.
The territory is equipped with drainage systems to prevent rain and melt water from accumulating on the construction site.
The importance of marking the axes of the house
Layout of axes and their intersection points is a process that is carried out at the very beginning of construction. On the ground, the points are determined that fully correspond to the intersections of the main axes indicated in the construction project. These points are always in a well-defined position while the construction is in progress.
Therefore, the calculations are made quite meticulously, carefully checked and rechecked so that no deviations occur. High-precision instruments will be used. These are the most modern developments.
Excavation work
Excavation works are carried out in order to prepare: excavation for foundation construction, trenches for installation of engineering networks.
The soil is removed, moved, compacted. This will require the use of special equipment. In this labor-intensive process it is necessary to use manual labor, as there are places inaccessible for mechanisms.
Rules for laying the foundation
The foundation is subjected to the total vertical load. Taking this load into account, a specific type of foundation is selected. How deep the foundation is planned to be will depend on:
on the seismic activity of the area;
the distribution of water arteries and the level of groundwater table;
the presence of capital facilities in adjacent areas;
the proximity of highways;
the presence of subway lines in the neighborhood, and other factors.
By installing the foundation, the building gains stability. When erecting high-rise houses, foundations are used pile-slab or pile-and-screw.
The pile-and-slab construction is preferred, as the load is partially transferred to the foundation and the entire structure cannot be tilted. The underground part is made with the use of an enclosing structure.
Erection of external walls
The technology prescribed in the project must be followed.
Panel buildings. The object is assembled like a constructor.
Brick building. Such an object is considered more reliable, maximally comfortable and externally attractive. But it is difficult to erect such houses, it is a rather labor-intensive process.
Panel-monolithic object. Forms of sections are made, poured with a concrete mixture. Panel-monolithic buildings are profitable to operate, as they are strong, serve for a long time, have favorable indicators of heat energy costs.
If we make a comparison of financial calculations, the cost of erecting and operating monolithic buildings is undoubtedly less than for the construction and maintenance of panel or brick houses.
Rules for connection of communications
Connection of apartment building utilities
In the prepared trenches it is possible to lay systems:
- sewerage;
- water supply;
- gas supply;
- electricity supply;
- central heating.
They are laid below the soil freezing level. And the connection of the object to the engineering networks is made after installation of each communication inside the building.
Methods of roof construction
What should be the design of the roof, this is indicated in the project documentation. It also indicates all the elements of the future roof.
The purpose of the upper part of the building is to secure the interior space from the penetration of precipitation. Most often used roofing materials such as:
- asphalt shingles;
- corrugated board;
- roofing felt;
- metal tile;
- nandulin.
It is necessary to create a roof with such a slope to ensure the descent of snow. Formed systems: single slope and gable; flat and broken.
If the technological norms in the implementation of the installation will be violated, subsequently will be manifested leaks.
The quality of thermal insulation and vapor barrier is also important.
The minimum area has a flat roof, if it is compared with other options. In the form of flooring, waterproofing materials are used. And to prevent moisture from accumulating and draining evenly, a drainage system is installed.
List of works at the stage of completion of multi-storey building construction
Each apartment is separated from neighboring apartments by walls and ceilings. Partitions are installed exclusively fire-resistant, as required by the regulations. It is necessary to solve problems related to soundproofing. To do this, it is necessary to perform all works qualitatively – carefully caulk seams, joints, holes for electrical points. And in the ventilation ducts it is required to install soundproofing gaskets.
In a modern multi-storey house must necessarily be installed elevator.
Elevator equipment before its installation is necessarily tested. Particularly scrutinized are subject to its technical condition, operability of nodes. Installed elevator system is tested under load. How accurately the system is stopped on the floors, should be checked without a load and with a load.
Metal-plastic windows are also installed taking into account the mandatory and correct execution of all installation operations. In Russia, special standards have been developed, which are required to be oriented. This will help to increase the service life of window and balcony structures. And the entrance doors are now in the houses being erected, it is customary to put metal.
Monolithic slabs do not have any special defects. So they can already be covered with materials intended for finishing.
Floors are leveled by screeding, when they are poured with a sand-cement mixture. The screed should have no bumps, depressions or cracks.
It is a completely solid surface that has waterproofing in its construction. Also, the presence of a screed:
- improves the thermal insulation performance;
- increases the mechanical strength of the surface;
- increases sound insulation;
- raises the floor to a certain level.
Rules of rough and finish finishing
If the investor wishes, the contractor will finish the apartments internally. But often apartments in new buildings are sold with rough finishing. Doors and windows are installed in them, and loggias are glazed. But there may be no partitions between the rooms. Such apartments are cheaper. The owner of such an apartment independently chooses the materials that he will need for finishing. He has his own design project.
It is important that the common areas, even if the apartment was purchased in the rough version, the contractor is obliged to finish them, i.e. to prepare them for use.
Whereas after purchasing an apartment with finishing, its owner only has to hang fixtures, install furniture and equip the rooms with decorative items to his taste.
He will try in advance to get rid of the presence of construction dirt and from the noises spreading from continuously working equipment. But even if the renovation is fully completed in the apartment of the new owner, the garbage will still be spreading in the stairwell for a long time, and the hum will not stop coming from the neighboring apartments.
The building should have an attractive facade, look aesthetically pleasing, differentiate itself from the multi-storey buildings erected nearby. When choosing facade materials, their functionality, structural nuances of the object, climatic features of the zone should be taken into account. External insulation never becomes a hindrance.
How to equip the adjacent territory
The future owner of the apartment he intends to buy, takes into account its price and the area of construction. But in addition to this, the landscaping of the area is also important. Attention is necessarily drawn to the presence of a place for parking, a comfortable entrance, a playground, as well as green spaces.
The boundaries of the common property should also be clearly established, then it will be clear to what extent the adjacent territory should be landscaped. Such an understanding will help to improve the environmental and sanitary conditions of residence.
After the construction of the object it is necessary to:
- clean the entire adjacent territory from construction debris;
- organize recreation areas with benches;
- plant trees, organize flowerbeds;
- create playgrounds – children’s, sports and training, for walking animals;
- determine the location of the parking lot;
- make fences.
The total area of the object and its boundaries are indicated in the cadastral passport. Residents who bought or otherwise managed to acquire apartments in one multi-storey building become co-owners. That is, the house and the adjacent territory may become their joint property.
It is allowed to install fences at the entrance to the adjacent territory. At the same time, unobstructed entry must be provided for vehicles of various services – ambulance, police, fire brigade, repair of engineering communications, etc., as well as for the vehicles of other services.
